Cervical cancer begins in the cells of the cervix - the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Most cases are caused by long-term infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV).
Did you know? Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable types of cancer with the HPV vaccine, regular screening and early treatment.
Common signs and symptoms of cervical cancer
Cervical cancer often has no symptoms in the early stages, which is why regular screening is so important. As it progresses, you may notice:
- vaginal bleeding between your periods
- menstrual bleeding lasting longer or seeming heavier than normal
- pain during sex
- bleeding after sex
- pelvic pain
- unusual vaginal discharge (it may be more than normal, have an unusual colour or smell)
- bleeding after menopause
These symptoms can be caused by other conditions too – but it’s always best to get them checked out by a doctor. This is important for anyone with a cervix, whether you are straight, lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender.
Understanding risk factors
Knowing the risk factors can help you spot signs early:
- HPV infection (especially types 16 and 18)
- Smoking
- Weak immune system
- Long-term use of birth control pills
- Family history of cervical cancer
- If your mother was prescribed diethylstilbestrol (an artificial form of the female hormone oestrogen) during pregnancy, between 1939 and 1971.
Cervical cancer can be prevented by routine screenings (for women who do not have symptoms) from those aged 25-74, and the HPV vaccine, which is safe and effective.
If you are unsure if you are up to date on your cervical screening, call The National Cancer Screening Registry on 1800 627 701.
When to see a doctor
Don’t wait or guess. If you experience any symptoms – even if they seem minor – it's always good to check in with your GP. Acting early can make a big difference.